Right forms of Verbs
ইংরেজি ভাষায় একটি sentence-এ ব্যবহূত প্রতিটি word-ই কোনো না কোনো কাজ করে থাকে। প্রতিটি word এর মধ্যে verb সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। সাধারণত যে word দ্বারা কোনো কাজ করা বোঝায় তাকে verb বলে। Verb is the heart/soul of Sentence. অর্থাৎ verb-কে বাক্যের প্রাণ বলা হয়ে থাকে। Latin শব্দ verbum থেকে শব্দটির উৎপত্তি। বাক্যের গঠনশৈলীতে noun-এর পরেই verb-এর স্থান। এই verb noun, pronoun এবং object-কে বিশেষভাবে গতিশীল করে রাখে। Verb ছাড়া কোনো Sentence তৈরি করা যায় না। Verb-গুলো সাধারণত voice, tense, mood, narration and sentence পরিবর্তনে সহায়তা করে থাকে। একটি sentence-এ দুই ধরনের verb ব্যবহূত হতে পারে। যেমন, Principal verb and Auxiliary verb.
1. Principal verb: যে verb-এর নিজস্ব অর্থ থাকে, বিভিন্ন অর্থপ্রকাশের জন্য অন্যের ওপর নির্ভর করতে হয়না,তাকে principal verb বলে। Example: He reads a book.
2. Auxiliary verb: যে verb-এর নিজস্ব অর্থ থাকে না, বিভিন্ন প্রকার sentence অথবা tense, voice বা mood-এর রূপ গঠনের জন্য অন্য verb-কে সাহায্য করে থাকে, তাকে auxiliary verb বলে।
Example: Rana is writing an application.
মনে রাখতে হবে যে, একই verb, principle and auxiliary দুইভাবেই ব্যবহূত হতে পারে। যেমন, I am a student. এখানে ‘am’ principle verb.
আবার, I am writing a letter. এখানে ‘am’ auxiliary verb.
Principle verb and auxiliary verb ছাড়াও finite verb, non-finite verb, transitive verb and intransitive verb রয়েছে, এগুলো গঠনের ক্ষেত্রে অগ্রণী ভূমিকা পালন করে থাকে।
Rule-1:Sentence যদি present indefinite tense হয় এবং subject third person singular number হয় তবে verb-এর সঙ্গে s/es যুক্ত হবে।
a. She (write) a letter. Ans.: She writes a letter.
b. The baby (cry). Ans.:The baby cries.
Rule-2:কোনোsentence-এ যদি sometimes, often, always, regularly, daily, everyday, usually, generally, normally, occasionally ইত্যাদি থাকে এবং নিদিষ্ট কোনো সময়ের উল্লেখ না খাকে তবে sentence-টি present indefinite হবে। যেমন:
a. Usually father (walk) in the morning. Ans.:Usually father walks in the morning.
b. He (get) up early in the morning everyday. Ans.: He gets up early in the morning everyday.
Rule-3: বর্তমানে চলছে এমন কোনো কাজ বোঝালে verb-এর present continuous tense হয়। এসব ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণত now, at present, at this moment ইত্যাদি ব্যবহূত হয়। Example:
a: Now the students (sing) the national anthem.
Ans.:Now the students are singing the national anthem.
b: The boys (watch) the television now. Ans.: The boys are watching the television now.
b: The boys (watch) the television now. Ans.: The boys are watching the television now.
Rule-4: কোনো sentence-এ যদি already, yet, ever, just, just now, recently, lately, recently, today, this week/year, in the mean time, never, ever ইত্যাদি যুক্ত থাকে তাহলে sentence-টি present perfect tense হবে। যেমন:
a. Have you ever (be) to Cox-Bazar? Ans.: Have you ever been to Cox-Bazar?
b. I (receive) the letter just now. Ans.:I have received the letter just now.
a. Have you ever (be) to Cox-Bazar? Ans.: Have you ever been to Cox-Bazar?
b. I (receive) the letter just now. Ans.:I have received the letter just now.
Rule-5: Yesterday, ago, long since, long before, last night, last weak, last month, day before yesterday ইত্যাদিঅতীতসূচকশব্দবা phrase sentence-এথাকলেpast indefinite tense অর্থাৎ verb-এর past form হয়। যেমন:
a. I (draw) a picture yesterday. Ans.: 1 drew a picture yesterday.
b. I (get) the parcel last month. Ans.:I got the parcel last month.
a. I (draw) a picture yesterday. Ans.: 1 drew a picture yesterday.
b. I (get) the parcel last month. Ans.:I got the parcel last month.
Rule-6:Before দ্বারা দুটি Past tense যুক্তথাকলেbefore-এর পূর্বের অংশে Past perfect tense-এর পরের অংশ Past Indefinite tense হয়। যেমন:
a. We (reach) our school before the bell rang.
Ans.: We had reached our school before the bell rang.
b. The patient had died before the doctor (come).
b. The patient had died before the doctor (come).
Ans.:The patient had died before the doctor came.
Rule-7: After দ্বারা দুটি past tense যুক্তথাকলেএর পূর্বের অংশ past indefinite tense এবং পরের অংশ past perfect tense হয়। যেমন:
a. They arrived the station after the train (leave).
Ans.:They arrived the station after the train had left.
b. The patient (die) after the doctor had come.
Ans.: The patient died after the doctor had come.
b. The patient (die) after the doctor had come.
Ans.: The patient died after the doctor had come.
Rule-8:No sooner had ............. than, Scarcely had .......... when, Hardly had .......... when,
প্রথমঅংশ past perfect tense অনুযায়ী হয়, অর্থাৎ verb-এর past participle form হয়। দ্বিতীয় অংশ past indefinite tense অনুযায়ী হয়, অর্থাৎ verb-এর past form হয়। যেমন:
a. No sooner had the bell (ring) than the teacher (enter) the classroom.
Ans.: No sooner had the bell rung than the teacher entered the classroom.
b. Scarcely had he (arrive) at the bus stand when the bus (leave).
Ans.: Scarcely had he arrived at the bus stand when the bus left.
c. Hardly had the snatcher (take) the chain when he (run) away.
Ans.: Hardly had the snatcher taken the chain when he ran away.
Rule-9:সাধারণতsince দ্বারা দুটি clause যুক্ত থাকলে এবং since-এর পূর্বের অংশ present indefinite/present perfect tense হলে পরের অংশ past indefinite tense হয়. যেমন:
a. It is many years since he (give) up smoking. Ans.: It is many years since he gave up smoking.
b. 5 years have passed since he (leave) home. Ans.: 5 years have passed since he left home.
Rule-10:আবারsince দ্বারা clause যুক্ত থাকলে এবং since-এর পূর্বে clause বা বাক্যের অংশ past indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ verb-এর past perfect tense হয়। যেমন:
a. Many years passed since I (meet) him last. Ans.: Many years passed since I had met him last.
b. It was many years since I (visit) there. Ans.: It was many years since I had visited there.
a. Many years passed since I (meet) him last. Ans.: Many years passed since I had met him last.
b. It was many years since I (visit) there. Ans.: It was many years since I had visited there.
Rule-11:Passive voice-এ সর্বদা verb-এর past participle form হয়। যেমন:
a. This work was (do) by him. Ans.: This work was done by him.
b. The problem has been (solve) by him. Ans.:The problem has been solved by him.
Rule-12:সাধারণত, tomorrow, the after tomorrow, next, in future, in the time to come ইত্যাদি ভবিষ্যৎ নির্দেশক বাক্য word/phrase থাকলেverb-এর future indefinite tense হয়। যেমন:
a. We (not go) there in future. Ans.: We shall not go there in future.
Rule-13:Modal Auxiliary verb যেমন can, could, may, might, should, would, ought to, used to, must ইত্যাদিথাকলেমূল Verb-এর Present form হয়।
যেমন: a. He can (do) it easily. Ans.: He can do it easily.
b. Everybody should (respect) his parents. Ans.:Everybody should respect his parents.
b. Everybody should (respect) his parents. Ans.:Everybody should respect his parents.
Rule-14:সাধারণত, Sentence-এ ভবিষ্যৎ নির্দেশক শব্দ বা Phrase যেমন Tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in future, next ইত্যাদি থাকলে Future Indefinite tense হবে এবং Verb-এর Present form বসবে। যেমন: a. I (go) to Dhaka tomorrow. Ans.: I shall go to Dhaka tomorrow.
b. He (join) there the next day. Ans.:He will join there the next day.
Rule-15:Sentence-এর Subject Singular Number হলে Verb Singular হয় এবং Subject Plural হলেVerb plural Number হয়। যেমন:
a. The taste of the mangoes (to be) sour. Ans.: The taste of the mangoes is sour.
b. The flowers of the garden (to be) beautiful. Ans.: The flowers of the garden are beautiful.
Rule-16:মূল Verb-এর পূর্বে to be বা having থাকলে Verb-এর Past participle form হয়। যেমন:
a. A community centre is going to be (establish).
Ans.: A community centre is going to be established.
b. I do not mind (have) a cup of coffee. Ans.:I do not mind having a cup of coffee.
b. I do not mind (have) a cup of coffee. Ans.:I do not mind having a cup of coffee.
Rule-17:সাধারণত It is time, It is high time, wish ইত্যাদির পরে Subject ও bracket-এ মূল Verb থাকলে Verb-এর Past form হয়। যেমন: a. It is time you (finish) a course on English language.
Ans.: It is time you finished a course on English language.
b. I wish I (sing). Ans.: I wish I sang.
b. I wish I (sing). Ans.: I wish I sang.
আবার, It is time, It is high time-এর পর যদি bracket-এ মূল Verb থাকে তবে তার পূর্বে to বসে এবং Verb অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন: a. It is time (play). Ans.: It is time to play.
b. It is high time (stand) by the flood-affected people.
b. It is high time (stand) by the flood-affected people.
Ans.: It is high time to stand by the flood-affected people.
Rule-18:As if, as though, wish ইত্যাদি থাকলে Subject-এর পরে be verb-এর পরিবর্তে were বসে। যেমন: a. He behaves as if he (be) a leader. Ans.: He behaves as if he were a leader.
b. I wish I (be) a millionaire. Ans.:I wish I were a millionaire.
b. I wish I (be) a millionaire. Ans.:I wish I were a millionaire.
Rule-19:As if, as though দ্বারাদুটিclause যুক্ত থাকলে প্রথম clause-টি present tense হলে পরবর্তী clause-টি past indefinite হয়। প্রথম clause-টি past tense হলে পরের clause-টি past perfect tense হয়। যেমন: a. He behaves as if he (buy) the car. Ans.:He behaves as if he bought the car.
b. He spoke as though he (do) a great task. Ans.: He spoke as though he had done a great task.
Rule-20:While যুক্ত sentence-এ while-এর পরে verb থাকলে verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয়। আবার,
While-এর পরে subject থাকলে past continuous tense হয়। যেমন:
a. While (take) dinner, he received the phone. Ans.: While taking dinner, he received the phone.
b. While I (play) in the field, I saw him coming.
Ans.:While I was playing in the field, I saw him coming.
Rule-21:Lest দ্বারা দুটি clause যুক্ত থাকলে lest-এর পরবর্তী subject-এর সঙ্গে auxiliary verb should / might বসে। যেমন: a. Read attentively lest you (fail) in the examination.
Ans.: Read attentively lest you should fail in the examination.
b. Walk fast lest you (be) late in your class. Ans.: Walk fast lest you might be late in your class.
Rule-22:Would that দ্বারাsentence শুরু হলে subject-এর পরে could বসে এবং মূল verb-এর present form হয়। যেমন: a. Would that I (be) a bird! Ans.: Would that I could be a bird!
b. Would that I (visit) Cox’s Bazar Ans.:Would that I could visit Cox’s Bazar!
b. Would that I (visit) Cox’s Bazar Ans.:Would that I could visit Cox’s Bazar!
Rule-23:সাধারণত Each, one of, every, either, neither ইত্যাদি দ্বারা কোনো subject গঠিত হলে সেটি 3rd person singular number হয়। তাই এদের পরের verb-টিও singular number হয়। যেমন:
a. Each boy (come) here. Ans.:Each boy comes here.
b. One of them (to be) guilty. Ans.: One of them is guilty.
Rule-24: Adjective-এর পূর্বে the বসলে subject-টি plural হয় এবং সেই অনুযায়ী verb বসে। যেমন:
a. The virtuous (to be) blessed. Ans.: The virtuous are blessed.
b. The poor (live) from hand to mouth. Ans.:The poor live from hand to mouth.
Rule-25:Titles, names, phrase of measurement দেখতে plural হয় singular verb হয়। যেমন:
a. Thirty miles (to be) a long way. Ans.: Thirty miles is a long way.
b. Star wars (to be) an excellent movie. Ans.:Star wars is an excellent movie.
Rule-26: কোনো Sentence ‘It’ দ্বারাশুরুহলে পরবর্তী verb singular হয়।যেমন:
a. It (to be) difficult to do. Ans.: It is difficult to do.
b. It (to be) you .who have done this. Ans.: It is you who have done this.
a. It (to be) difficult to do. Ans.: It is difficult to do.
b. It (to be) you .who have done this. Ans.: It is you who have done this.
Rule-27 যদি বন্ধনীর verb-এর আগে to ছাড়া অন্যান্য Preposition এবং cannot help/could not help/with a view to/look forward to/would you mind/used to/ without/ past/ mind/ worth ইত্যাদি থাকে তাহলে সেই verb-এর ‘ing’ form হয়। Example:
a: I go to the market with a view to (see) people.
a: I go to the market with a view to (see) people.
Ans.: I go to the market with a view to seeing people.
b: I am looking forward to (stand) first in the class.
Ans.: I am looking forward to standing first in the class.
b: I am looking forward to (stand) first in the class.
Ans.: I am looking forward to standing first in the class.
Rule-28:Let, had better, had rather, would better, would rather ইত্যাদি থাকলে form বসে। যেমন: a. I would rather die than (beg). Ans.: I would rather die than beg.
b. Would you let me (go) there? Ans.:Would you let me go there?
Rule-29: If যুক্ত clause-এর প্রথম অংশ present indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ future indefinite হয়, অর্থাৎ structure-টি হয়—
if + present + future. যেমন: a. If you work hard, you (prosper) in life.
Ans.: If you work hard, you will prosper in life.
b. If he reads more he (pass) in the examination.
Ans.: If he reads more, he will pass in the examination.
Rule-30: If যুক্ত clause-এর প্রথম অংশ Indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ subject-এর পরে would/could/might বসে এবং verb-এর present form হয়। অর্থাৎ, structure-টি হয়: If + past indefinite + (subject + would/could/might + verb-এর Present form). যেমন:
a. If he agreed, I (give) the money. Ans.: If he agreed, I would give the money.
b. If you studied, you (get) a good result. Ans.: If you studied, you would get a good result.
Rule-31: If যুক্ত clause-এর প্রথম অংশ past perfect tense হলে পরের অংশ subject-এর পরে would have/ could have/ might have বসে এবং verb-এর past participle form হয়।
যেমন: a. If you had finished it sincerely, you (get) a profit.
Ans.: If you had finished it sincerely, you would have got a profit.
b. If I had possessed vast wealth, I (help) the poor people.
Ans.: If I had possessed vast wealth, I would have helped the poor people.
Ans.: If you had finished it sincerely, you would have got a profit.
b. If I had possessed vast wealth, I (help) the poor people.
Ans.: If I had possessed vast wealth, I would have helped the poor people.
Rule-32: Simple sentence-এদুটিverb থাকলে দ্বিতীয় verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয় অথবা দ্বিতীয় verb-টির পূর্বে to বসে। যেমন:a. He saw a boy (play) in the field. Ans.: He saw a boy playing in the field.
b. I heard him (speak). Ans.: I heard him speaking.
c. He helps me (make) the house. Ans.:He helps me making the house.
Note: দ্বিতীয় verb-টি যদি উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয় তবে দ্বিতীয় verb-এর পূর্বে to বসে।
a. I went to the library (read) newspaper. Ans.: I went to the library to read newspaper.
b. He repaired the boat (sell) it. Ans.:He repaired the boat to sell it.
b. I heard him (speak). Ans.: I heard him speaking.
c. He helps me (make) the house. Ans.:He helps me making the house.
Note: দ্বিতীয় verb-টি যদি উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয় তবে দ্বিতীয় verb-এর পূর্বে to বসে।
a. I went to the library (read) newspaper. Ans.: I went to the library to read newspaper.
b. He repaired the boat (sell) it. Ans.:He repaired the boat to sell it.
Rule-33: Let/make/help/ verb Gi c‡i me©`vB verb Gi V1 nq| Let/make Gi c‡i to nq bv| help Gi ci to e¨envi Ki‡jI nq bv Ki‡jI nq| †hgb t
1. His interesting joke made me laugh. 2. He helps his father to do the office work.