Linking words

Linking words

Linking word ej‡Z †mB kã‡K eySvq †hwU sentence-G Conjunction-Gi b¨vq KvR K‡i Ges `yB A_ev Z‡ZvwaK word (kã), phrase (kã¸”Q) I clause (evK¨vsk)-‡K hy³ K‡i| †hgb :

I know the girl who came here.

Wait till I come back.

It was a month since I came here,

Dc‡ii D`vniY †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, who, till, since-G kã¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU `ywU clause-‡K hy³ Ki‡Q| ZvB who, till I since GLv‡b Linking word-Gi KvR Ki‡Q| wb‡P Linking word-¸‡jvi A_©mn e¨envi Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj :

01 And (Ges) : and (Ges) mg‡kªYxi word clause-†K hy³ K‡i|

He studied hard and passed the exam.

As well as-I linking word wn‡m‡e and-Gi KvR K‡i Z‡e GwU ïaygvÎ `ywU phrase-†K hy³ K‡i| †hgb :

He as well ashis four brothers was the guest.

02 Or (bZzev/A_ev) : wecixZagx© A_© eySvq Giƒc `ywU clause hy³ Kivi †¶‡Î or e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb :

Study hard or you will fail in the exam.

Or (A_ev) : `ywU kã‡K hy³ Ki‡Z Or e¨envi Kiv hvq| ZLY or Øviv A_©MZfv‡e `ywU k‡ãi †h †Kvb GKwU‡K indicate Kiv nq|

Karim or Rahim will attend the meeting.

03 But (wKš‘): But Øviv mvaviYZ wecixZagx© A_© cÖKvk cvq Ggb `ywU clause- †K hy³ K‡i| †hgb

He went to school but failed to attend the class.

Avevi but `ywU k‡ãi gv‡S e‡m G‡`i‡K hy³ K‡i Ges G‡¶‡Î but Gi c‡ii kãwU m¤ú~Y© clause-Gi fve cÖKvk K‡i| †hgb:

He is rich but honest. (†m abx wKš‘ mr) He is poor but happy. (†m Mixe wKš‘ myLx)

04 As (iƒ‡c/wn‡m‡e/‡h‡nZz/hw`I)

wn‡m‡e / iƒ‡c : I attended the programme as the chief guest.

‡h‡nZz / KviY : Sentence-G KviY wb‡`©k K‡i Ggb clause ev evK¨vs‡ki Av‡M as e¨eüZ nq| As sentence Gi ïi“‡Z wKsev `ywU clause Gi gv‡S †h †Kvb RvqMvq e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i; Z‡e Aek¨B g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, as KviY hy³ evK¨vs‡ki Av‡M em‡e| †hgb :

As he was poor he would not buy the shirt. He failed to go there as he was ill.

hw`I : hw`I A‡_© as e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î clause-wU ‘adjective + as + NP (Noun/Pronoun) + verb’ AvKv‡i nq| †hgb : Wise ashe is, he will understand it.

05 Since (‡h‡nZz) : ‡h‡nZz ev KviY A‡_© since e¨envi Kiv hvq| ‘Since’ Gi e¨envi as Gi gZ `ywU clause-Gi gv‡SI n‡Z cv‡i Avevi ïi“‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e since Aek¨B KviYhy³ evK¨vs‡ki cÖ_‡g e‡m| †hgb :

Since the water was very salty, they could not drink it.

I could not do it since I went to Khulna for three days.

Since (‡_‡K) : †_‡K A‡_© since e¨envi Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î mgq‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq| †hgb :

It is five years since my brother was born. I have seen him since he was four.

G sentence ¸‡jv‡Z since `ywU clause-Gi g‡a¨ link ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q|

Avevi since †Kvb wbw`©ó mgqevPK kã ev kã¸”Q‡K hy³ K‡i| G‡¶‡Î since mgqevPK kã ev kã¸‡”Qi Av‡M e‡m| †hgb :

It has been raining since Monday. He has been working in this firm sincelast year.

06 Because (KviY) : KviY A‡_© because e¨envi Kiv nq| Because KviY wb‡`©k K‡i Ggb clause ev evK¨vs‡ki Av‡M e‡m| Because me mgq `ywU clause-Gi gv‡S e‡m| †hgb :

He is absent in the class because he could not prepare his lesson.

07 For (KviY) : KviY A‡_© because e¨envi Kiv nq| Because KviY wb‡`©k K‡i Ggb clause ev evK¨vs‡ki Av‡M e‡m| Because me mgq `ywU clause-Gi gv‡S e‡m|

†hgb : He is absent in the class because he could not prepare his lesson.

07 For (KviY) : KviY A‡_© for e¨envi Kiv nq| For KviY hy³ evK¨vs‡ki Av‡M e‡m| †hgb : Nobody likes him for he is dishonest.

08 That : D‡Ïk¨ eySv‡Z that e¨envi Kiv nq| That mvaviYZ djvdj hy³ ev‡K¨i Av‡M e‡m| That-Gi c‡ii clause-wU “sub + can / could / may / might + verb -Gi present form + object” _v‡K|

‡hgb : He works hard thathe can earn much money.

G‡¶‡Î that-Gi cwie‡Z© so that / in order that-I e¨envi Kiv hvq|

09 Than (‡P‡q) : `yRb e¨w³ ev `ywU e¯‘i †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, cwigvY Z_v adjective-Gi Zzjbvq than e¨envi Kiv nq| ‘Than’ comparative degree-Gi c‡i e‡m| Than mvaviYZ `ywU kã ev kã¸‡”Qi g‡a¨ link ¯’vcb K‡i| †hgb :

Rahim is taller than Karim. (iwng Kwi‡gi †P‡q j¤^v)

Something is better than nothing. (bvB gvgvi †P‡q Kvbv gvgv fvj)

‘Than’ Øviv `ywU clause-†KI hy³ Kiv hvq| No sooner w`‡q Avi¤¢ nIqv Complex Sentence-G `ywU clause-Gi gv‡S ‘than’ e‡m| †hgb :

No sooner had the rain stopped than they started their journey.

10 As ........ as / so ......... as : mgRvZxq e¨w³ ev e¯‘i Zzjbvq as .....as ev so .......as e¨eüZ nq| As/so .........as e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î cÖ_‡g as/so-Gi ci adjective / adverb Ges Zvici as e‡m| g~jZ structure-wU nq “........as/so + adjective / adverb + as + ..........”

Jesmin is as beautiful as Shetu.

The particles are so small as to be almost invisible (AYy-cigvYy GZB my² †h‡Zv cÖvq †`LvB hvq bv|)

Such (GZ/Ggb) ........as (†hgb) A‡_© e¨envi Kiv hvq| †hgb :

I have never seen such a man as Kamal. (Kvgv‡ji gZ †jvK Avwg KL‡bv †`wL wb|)

11. Such + adjective + Other word + as + Noun / Pronoun (NP) + Other words.

Such a kind man as Alfred Nobel is rarely found.

12 Before (Av‡M), after (c‡i) : `ywU NUbvi weeiY w`‡Z †hLv‡b GKwU AciwUi Av‡M ev c‡i msNwUZ nq eySvq Ggb †¶‡Î before / after nq|

(a) Before / after + clause :

They had reached the station before the rain started.He returned home after the rain had stopped.

(b) Before / after + verb Gi present form + ing + other words :

I will start for office after taking my breakfast.

I will not go to watch television before finishing my lesson.

(c) Before / after + possessive + Noun + other words :

You could meet her after my departure.

13 Though / Although (hw`I) : `ywU wecixZagx© A_©hy³ clause-Gi g‡a¨ link ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Though / Although e¨eüZ nq| Though / Although ev‡K¨i ïi“‡Z wKsev `ywU clause Gi gv‡S e¨eüZ nq|

Though he is poor he is happy. He is rich though he is honest.

14 In order to (D‡Ïk¨) : †Kvb D‡Ïk¨ ev j‡¶¨ wKQz Kiv n‡j †m †¶‡Î KZ©vi j¶¨ ev D‡Ïk¨ wb‡`©k K‡i Ggb kã¸‡”Qi Av‡M in order to e‡m| In order to sentence-Gi ïi“‡Z I gv‡S `yÕfv‡eB e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|

In order to learn English you have to practise the four skills.

He works hard in order to earn money.

15 If (hw`) :Conditional ev kZ©hy³ Clause (evK¨vsk)-Gi Av‡M if e‡m `ywU clause- †K hy³ K‡i| If ev‡K¨i ïi“‡Z wKsev `ywU clause-Gi gv‡S e¨envi Kiv nq| wKš‘ If Gi Present singple tense nq|

If you read more, you will learn well. Stay here if he does not come.

16 Whether (wKbv) : †Kvb AwbwðZ fve cÖKvkK clause ev evK¨vs‡ki c~‡e© whether e‡m| Avm‡e wKbv, NU‡e wKbv, n‡e wKbv G iKg A‡_© whether e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb :

I do not know whetherhe came. Shetu does not know whetherNowsin will obtain A+.

17 Whereas (‡hLv‡b/A_P) : GKwU NUbvi mv‡_ Ab¨ GKwU NUbvi Zzjbv Ki‡Zwhereas e¨eüZ nq| whereas me mgq `ywU clause-Gi gv‡S e‡m Ges whereas-Gi c~‡e© GKwU Kgv e‡m| †hgb: Karim is lazy, whereas, Rahim is hardworking.

18 Both .....and : Both ......and Øviv `ywU mgRvZxq word ev clause †K hy³ Kiv nq| †hgb :

He is both honest and kind. Both Sumon and Jewel are brothers.

19 Until (hZ¶Y bv) : hZ¶Y ev †h ch©š— bv A‡_© until Øviv `ywU clause hy³ Kiv nq| †hgb : Wait until the rain stops. I won’t stop crying until you let me go.

20 Till (hZ¶Y) : †h ch©š— ev hZ¶Y A_© eySv‡Z till Øviv clause -‡K hy³ Kiv nq| †hgb : Don’t start till I arrive. Wait till it is night.

21 Unless (hw` bv) : hw` bv A‡_© `ywU clause-†K hy³ Kivi mgq unless e¨eüZ nq| Unless KviY ev clause wb‡`©kKvix Clause-Gi Av‡M e‡m| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Unless KL‡bv no A_ev not hy³ clause-Gi Av‡M e‡m bv; KviY unless kãwU GKwU bv-‡evaK kã| †hgb : Don’t go tomorrow unless I call. Unless you work hard you will fall.

GLv‡b †`Lv hvq †h, ‘unless’ sentence-Gi cÖ_‡g em‡Z cv‡i Avevi `ywU clause-Gi gv‡SI em‡Z cv‡i|

22 As if / as though (†hb) : †hb A‡_© complex sentence-G unreal ev Aev¯—e NUbv eY©bv Ki‡Z as if / as though e¨eüZ nq| †hgb : He talks as if he were mad.

They treat me asif I were their own daughter. She asked me for food as though she were hungry.

23 While / during (hLb) : †Kvb GKwU NUbv mgq Av‡iKwU NUbv N‡UwQj A_ev †Kvb Abw`©ó mgq e¨vcx wKQz PjwQj G iKg eySv‡Z while ev during e¨eüZ nq| While mvaviYZ GKwU clause-Gi cy‡e© e‡m Avi during mvaviYZ Noun phrase-Gi c~‡e© e‡m| Noun phrase wU mvaviYZ mg‡qi e¨vwß cÖKvk K‡i| †hgb :

The accident took place duringnight. Shall I have a coffee while we are waiting?

24 Either .....or, neither .....nor : `ywUi GKwU‡K eySv‡Z ‘either .....or Conjunction wn‡m‡e `ywU subject ev word-‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq| †hgb : Either karim or foolish. He is either mad or foolish.

`ywUi GKwUI bv Giƒc A‡_© ‘neither .........nor’ conjunction wn‡m‡e `ywU subject ev word-†K mshy³ Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq| †hgb : Neither Shetu norNowsin is intelligent. He is neither tall nor fat.

Either ....or A_ev ‘Neither .....nor’ Øviv hy³ sentence Øviv mgRvZxq word hy³ nq| A_©vr Either / Neither-Gi ci Noun _vK‡j or / nor -GiciI Noun n‡e|

25. Not only .... but also : Not only ..... but also Øviv mgRvZxq `ywU word ev clause †K hy³ Kiv nq| †hgb:

He is not only intelligent but also industrious. Not only Karim but also Rahim has done the work.

26 Together with / Along with : mgRvZxq `ywU word ev clause -‡K hy³ K‡i evsjvq ÔGesÕ A_ev ÔIÕ A‡_© together with wKsev along with e¨eüZ nq| G‡`i Øviv hLb `ywU subject hy³ nq, ZLb cÖ_g subject -Gi Number I Person Abymv‡i verb wba©vwiZ nq|

Mr Kashem along with his daughter will visit my house.

Rimi together with Ripa has gone to the USA.

27 Whatever : hv& B”Qv eySv‡Z `ywU clause Gi gv‡S e‡m| †hgb : Let her do whatevershe likes.

28 As soon as / NO sooner .... than / Hardly ... when / Scarcely ... when: †h‡Z bv †h‡Z, Ki‡Z bv Ki‡Z, n‡Z bv n‡Z cÖf„wZ A‡_© As soon as / No sooner .... than / Hardly ... when / Scarcely .... when e¨eüZ nq|

As soon as : ‡Kvb ev‡K¨i `ywU clause-B hw` Past Indefinite Tense-Gi nq Z‡e as... soon as Øviv hy³ Kiv nq| †hgb : As soon as the teacher came, the students stood up.

No sooner .... than / Hardly....when / Scarcely .... when : GKwU sentence clause Past Perfect Tense Ges AciwU Past Indefinite Tense-Gi n‡j Past Perfect, As‡ki Av‡M no sooner / scarcely / hardly nq Ges Past Indefinite As‡ki Av‡M than / when nq| †hgb

No sooner had the rain stopped than they left the house.

Scarcely had they reached the station when the train left.,

God will bless us so long our purpose is honest.

Linking words

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