Narration
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থীরা, ইংরেজি ২য় পত্রের part-A এর narration এ passage narration দেওয়া থাকবে এবং নম্বর থাকবে ৫। উত্তর লেখার সময় passage-টি তোলার কোন প্রয়োজন নেই। শুধু উত্তর লিখলেই চলবে। পুর্নাঙ্গ passage narration আলোচনার আগে আমরা narration -এর নিয়মগুলো জেনে নেই।
Tense পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
Direct => Indirect
Direct => Indirect
present indefinite => past indefinite
present continuous => past continuous
present perfect past => perfect
present perfect con. => past perfect con.
past indefinite => past perfect
past continuous => past perfect con.
past perfect => past perfect
shall => should, will => would
নিকটবর্তী word-কে দূরবর্তী word-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
Direct => Indirect
this => that
these => those
here => there
ago => before
come => go
thus => so
hither => thither
hence => thence
now => then
today => that day
tonight => that night
tomorrow => the next day
yesterday => the previous day
last night => the previous night
last month => the previous month
last year => the previous year
next week => the following week
next year => the following year
must => had to
Assertive sentence :
Rule-1: Reporting verb-এর object না থাকলে indirect speech-এর সময় said অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। Inverted comma উঠে that বসবে। যেমন: (a) Talha Said, “I am reading a book”.
Answer. Talha said that he was reading a book.
(b) Shila said, “I am not wrong”.
Answer. Shila said that she was not wrong.
present continuous => past continuous
present perfect past => perfect
present perfect con. => past perfect con.
past indefinite => past perfect
past continuous => past perfect con.
past perfect => past perfect
shall => should, will => would
নিকটবর্তী word-কে দূরবর্তী word-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
Direct => Indirect
this => that
these => those
here => there
ago => before
come => go
thus => so
hither => thither
hence => thence
now => then
today => that day
tonight => that night
tomorrow => the next day
yesterday => the previous day
last night => the previous night
last month => the previous month
last year => the previous year
next week => the following week
next year => the following year
must => had to
Assertive sentence :
Rule-1: Reporting verb-এর object না থাকলে indirect speech-এর সময় said অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। Inverted comma উঠে that বসবে। যেমন: (a) Talha Said, “I am reading a book”.
Answer. Talha said that he was reading a book.
(b) Shila said, “I am not wrong”.
Answer. Shila said that she was not wrong.
Rule- 2:Reporting verb-এর object থাকলে said to-এর পরিবর্তে told/said to ব্যবহূত হবে। Inverted comma উঠে that বসবে।
(a) Riku said to Biplob, “You are a good officer”.
Answer: Riku said to Biplob that he was a good officer.
(b) Abu Huraira said to me, “You are honest”.
Answer: Abu Huraira said to me that I was honest.
(c) I said to her, “You are a good girl”.
Answer: I said to her that she was a good girl.
Rule- 3: Reporting verb present/future tense হলেreported speech-এর tense-এর পরিবর্তন হবে না। Inverted comma উঠে that বসবে।
(a) Ali says, “I did not play yesterday”.
Answer: Ali says that he did not play the previous day.
(b) He says, “I am happy.”
(a) Riku said to Biplob, “You are a good officer”.
Answer: Riku said to Biplob that he was a good officer.
(b) Abu Huraira said to me, “You are honest”.
Answer: Abu Huraira said to me that I was honest.
(c) I said to her, “You are a good girl”.
Answer: I said to her that she was a good girl.
Rule- 3: Reporting verb present/future tense হলেreported speech-এর tense-এর পরিবর্তন হবে না। Inverted comma উঠে that বসবে।
(a) Ali says, “I did not play yesterday”.
Answer: Ali says that he did not play the previous day.
(b) He says, “I am happy.”
Answer: He says that he is happy.
(c) They say to me, “You can help your father.”
Answer: They say to me that I can help my father.
Rule- 4: Reported speech চিরন্তন সত্য হলে Tense-এর পরিবর্তন হবে না। Inverted Comma উঠে that বসবে।
(a) Teacher said to the students, “The earth moves round the sun.”
Answer: Teacher said to the students that the earth moves round the sun.
(b) Mother said to me, “Honesty is the best policy”.
Answer: Mother said to me that honesty is the best policy.
(c) Father said to his son, “Ice floats on water”.
Answer: Father said to his son that ice floats on water.
Rule- 5: Must থাকলে had to ব্যবহূত হবে। Inverted comma উঠে that বসবে।
(a) The teacher said to the boy, “You must read this”.
Answer: The teacher said to the boy that he had to read that.
(b) Mother said to me, “You must perform your duty.”
Answer: Mother said to me that I had to perform my duty.
Interrogative sentence:
Rule-1: Reporting verb উঠে ask/asked বসবে এবং inverted comma উঠে if/whether বসবে।
(a) Susmita said to Nila, “Will you go to college?”
Answer: Susmita asked Nila if she would go to college.
(b) She said to me, “Do you take tea?”
Answer: She asked me if I took tea.
(c) He said to her, “Did you come here yesterday?”
Answer: He asked her if she had gone there the previous day.
Rule-2: Reporting verb উঠে ask/asked বসবে এবং reported speech-টি যদি who, which, what, when, whom, where, whose, why, how ইত্যাদি দ্বারা আরম্ভ হয় হয় if/whether না বসে pronoun-টিই বসে।
(a) Karim said to me, “Where did you go yesterday?”
Answer: Karim asked me where I had gone the previous day.
(b)The man said to Keya, “What is your name?”
Answer: The man asked Keya what her name was.
(c)He said to me, “Which book do you want?”
Answer: He asked me which book I wanted.
Imperative sentence:
Rule- 1: Imperative sentence হলে reporting verb said/said to -এর পরিবর্তে
অনুরোধ বুঝালে requested, আদেশ বুঝালে ordered/commanded, উপদেশ বুঝালে advised, নিষেধ বুঝালে forbade, ক্ষমা বুঝালে begged, কিছু না বুঝালে told বসে।
(a) Father said to me, “Go home at once.”
Answer: Father ordered me to go home at once.
(b) The teacher said to me, “Please come here again.”
Answer: The teacher requested me to go there again.
(c) The officer shouted to his men, “Halt”.
Answer: The officer ordered his men to halt.
Rule- 2: Imperative sentence-টি negative হলে to-এর পরিবর্তে not to বসবে। তবে forbade লিখলে not to হবে না।
(a) Father said to me, “Do not run in the sun.”
Answer: Father ordered me not to run in the sun.
Or. Father forbade me to run in the sun.
(b) The teacher said to the students, “Never tell a lie.”
Answer: The teacher ordered the students never to tell a lie.
Or. The teacher forbade the students ever to tell a lie.
(c) He said to me, “Do not do this.”
Answer: He ordered me not to do that. Or. He forbade me to do that.
Rule- 3: Let দ্বারা প্রস্তাব বুঝালে propose to/suggest বসে + inverted comma উঠে that বসে + they/we should বসে + মুল verb-থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।
(a) The man said to his companions, “Let us not miss this chance”.
Answer: The man proposed to his companions that they should not miss that chance.
(b) They said to me, “Let us arrange for a picnic”.
Answer: They proposed to me that they should arrange for a picnic.
(c) He said, “Let us go out for a walk”.
Answer: He proposed that they should go out for a walk.
Optative sentence:
Rule-1: Inverted comma উঠিয়ে দিয়ে that বসাতে হয় +reporting verb উঠিয়ে wish/pray হয় + reported speech-এর কর্তার পরে may/might হয় + অন্যান্য নিয়ম assertive sentence-এর ন্যায় হবে।
a) Father said to me, ‘May you be happy.’
Answer: Father wished that I might be happy.
b) Mother said to me, ‘May Allah bless you.’
Answer: Mother prayed that Allah might bless me.
c) The girl said, ‘Oh! May I have the wings of a bird!’
Answer: The girl wished that she might have the wings of a bird.
Exclamatory sentence:
Rule-1: Reporting verb উঠে নিচের word গুলো বসবে।
a) আনন্দ বোঝালে: exclaimed with joy/delight,, b) দুঃখ বোঝালে: exclaimed with sorrow/grief,
c) বিস্ময় বোঝাতে: exclaimed with wonder/surprise, d) শপথ বোঝাতে: swearing by Allah
e) বিদায় বোঝাতে: bade good bye ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
Inverted উঠে that বসবে। বাকি পরিবর্তন assertive-এর মতো হবে।
a) The boys said, ‘We have won the match.’
Answer: The boys exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
b) He said, ‘Alas! I could not save you.’
Answer: He exclaimed with sorrow that he could not save me.
c) The boy said, ‘What a fool I am!’
Answer: The boy exclaimed with wonder that he was a great fool.
(c) They say to me, “You can help your father.”
Answer: They say to me that I can help my father.
Rule- 4: Reported speech চিরন্তন সত্য হলে Tense-এর পরিবর্তন হবে না। Inverted Comma উঠে that বসবে।
(a) Teacher said to the students, “The earth moves round the sun.”
Answer: Teacher said to the students that the earth moves round the sun.
(b) Mother said to me, “Honesty is the best policy”.
Answer: Mother said to me that honesty is the best policy.
(c) Father said to his son, “Ice floats on water”.
Answer: Father said to his son that ice floats on water.
Rule- 5: Must থাকলে had to ব্যবহূত হবে। Inverted comma উঠে that বসবে।
(a) The teacher said to the boy, “You must read this”.
Answer: The teacher said to the boy that he had to read that.
(b) Mother said to me, “You must perform your duty.”
Answer: Mother said to me that I had to perform my duty.
Interrogative sentence:
Rule-1: Reporting verb উঠে ask/asked বসবে এবং inverted comma উঠে if/whether বসবে।
(a) Susmita said to Nila, “Will you go to college?”
Answer: Susmita asked Nila if she would go to college.
(b) She said to me, “Do you take tea?”
Answer: She asked me if I took tea.
(c) He said to her, “Did you come here yesterday?”
Answer: He asked her if she had gone there the previous day.
Rule-2: Reporting verb উঠে ask/asked বসবে এবং reported speech-টি যদি who, which, what, when, whom, where, whose, why, how ইত্যাদি দ্বারা আরম্ভ হয় হয় if/whether না বসে pronoun-টিই বসে।
(a) Karim said to me, “Where did you go yesterday?”
Answer: Karim asked me where I had gone the previous day.
(b)The man said to Keya, “What is your name?”
Answer: The man asked Keya what her name was.
(c)He said to me, “Which book do you want?”
Answer: He asked me which book I wanted.
Imperative sentence:
Rule- 1: Imperative sentence হলে reporting verb said/said to -এর পরিবর্তে
অনুরোধ বুঝালে requested, আদেশ বুঝালে ordered/commanded, উপদেশ বুঝালে advised, নিষেধ বুঝালে forbade, ক্ষমা বুঝালে begged, কিছু না বুঝালে told বসে।
(a) Father said to me, “Go home at once.”
Answer: Father ordered me to go home at once.
(b) The teacher said to me, “Please come here again.”
Answer: The teacher requested me to go there again.
(c) The officer shouted to his men, “Halt”.
Answer: The officer ordered his men to halt.
Rule- 2: Imperative sentence-টি negative হলে to-এর পরিবর্তে not to বসবে। তবে forbade লিখলে not to হবে না।
(a) Father said to me, “Do not run in the sun.”
Answer: Father ordered me not to run in the sun.
Or. Father forbade me to run in the sun.
(b) The teacher said to the students, “Never tell a lie.”
Answer: The teacher ordered the students never to tell a lie.
Or. The teacher forbade the students ever to tell a lie.
(c) He said to me, “Do not do this.”
Answer: He ordered me not to do that. Or. He forbade me to do that.
Rule- 3: Let দ্বারা প্রস্তাব বুঝালে propose to/suggest বসে + inverted comma উঠে that বসে + they/we should বসে + মুল verb-থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।
(a) The man said to his companions, “Let us not miss this chance”.
Answer: The man proposed to his companions that they should not miss that chance.
(b) They said to me, “Let us arrange for a picnic”.
Answer: They proposed to me that they should arrange for a picnic.
(c) He said, “Let us go out for a walk”.
Answer: He proposed that they should go out for a walk.
Optative sentence:
Rule-1: Inverted comma উঠিয়ে দিয়ে that বসাতে হয় +reporting verb উঠিয়ে wish/pray হয় + reported speech-এর কর্তার পরে may/might হয় + অন্যান্য নিয়ম assertive sentence-এর ন্যায় হবে।
a) Father said to me, ‘May you be happy.’
Answer: Father wished that I might be happy.
b) Mother said to me, ‘May Allah bless you.’
Answer: Mother prayed that Allah might bless me.
c) The girl said, ‘Oh! May I have the wings of a bird!’
Answer: The girl wished that she might have the wings of a bird.
Exclamatory sentence:
Rule-1: Reporting verb উঠে নিচের word গুলো বসবে।
a) আনন্দ বোঝালে: exclaimed with joy/delight,, b) দুঃখ বোঝালে: exclaimed with sorrow/grief,
c) বিস্ময় বোঝাতে: exclaimed with wonder/surprise, d) শপথ বোঝাতে: swearing by Allah
e) বিদায় বোঝাতে: bade good bye ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
Inverted উঠে that বসবে। বাকি পরিবর্তন assertive-এর মতো হবে।
a) The boys said, ‘We have won the match.’
Answer: The boys exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
b) He said, ‘Alas! I could not save you.’
Answer: He exclaimed with sorrow that he could not save me.
c) The boy said, ‘What a fool I am!’
Answer: The boy exclaimed with wonder that he was a great fool.
Rules on Passage Narration:
Rule-1: Reported speech-এর মধ্যে কোনো ব্যক্তি বা প্রাণীর নাম ধরে ডাকার ব্যবহার থাকলে তা reporting verb-এর সঙ্গে সংযুক্ত হবে। যেমন:
He said, ‘Suma, do not quarrel.’
Answer: He forbade Suma to quarrel.
They said, ‘Rafiq, you will attend the meeting.’
Answer: They said to Rafiq that he would attend the meeting.
Kamal said, ‘Rana, do you know me?’
Answer: Kamal asked Rana if he knew him.
Rule-2: Reporting verb-টি মাঝে বা শেষে থাকলেও indirect করার সময় তাকে sentence-এর শুরুতে নিয়ে আসতে হবে। যেমন:
‘You look a little bit like my mother,’ Jerry said to the authoress, ‘Especially in the dark by the fire.’
Answer: Jerry said to the authoress that she looked a little bit like his mother especially in the dark by the fire.
‘Follow my example,’ she said to me, ‘and never eat more than one thing for luncheon.’
Answer: She advised me to follow her example and never to eat more than one thing for luncheon.
‘I have made a terrible mistake,’ said the man, ‘I have forgotten to pay my exam fee.’
Answer: The man said that he had made a terrible mistake and added that he had forgotten to pay his exam fee.
Rule-3: পর পর দুটি উক্তি থাকলে also said/and added/also asked হয়। কিন্তু তিনটি উক্তি থাকলে also added /further added/again said ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন:
a) Jerry said, ‘I can chop some wood today. I shall come again tomorrow.’
Answer: Jerry said that he could chop some wood that day and added that he would go again the next day.
b) She said to me, ‘What is your name. Where do you live?’
Answer: She asked me what my name was and also asked where I lived.
c) He said to us, ‘I came here yesterday. I will go to Sirajgonj tomorrow.’
Answer: He said to us that he had gone there the previous day and added that he would go to Sirajgonj the next day.
Rule-4: Yes/no থাকলে যথাক্রমে replied in the affirmative that এবং replied in the negative that ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন:
a) ‘Yes, I have finished reading the book,’ I replied.
Answer: I replied in the affirmative that I had finished reading the book.
b) Jhumu said to Mitu, ‘Are you going to Pabna tomorrow?’ ‘No, I have changed my decision,’ said Mitu.
Answer: Jhumu asked Mitu if she was going to Pabna the next day. Mitu replied in the negative that she had changed her decision.
Rule-5: Sir/Madam-থাকলে respectfully ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন:
1. ‘Yes, sir,’ she replied, ‘I have done my duty.’
Answer: She respectfully replied in the affirmative that she had done her duty.
2. Looking at my hands the beggar said, ‘Madam, please give me your cardigan.’
Answer: Looking at my hands the beggar respectfully requested me to give him my cardigan.
3. The student replied, ‘No, I have not learnt my lessons today, Sir.’
Answer: The student respectfully replied in the negative that he had not learnt his lessons that day.
Rule-6: যদি কাউকে address করা হয়, তবে addressing as brother/sister/friend দিয়ে শুরু করতে হয়।
1. ‘Are you hungry, brothers?’ said the wise king.
Answer: Addressing as brother the wise king asked if they were hungry.
2. The captain said, ‘My friends, be always ready to face our enemy.’
Answer: Addressing as friend the captain ordered them to be always ready to face their enemy.
3. ‘Dear friends,’ the patriot said, ‘Listen to me.’
Answer: Addressing as dear friend the patriot advised to listen to him.
Rule-7: By Allah/By God ইত্যাদি থাকলে Swearing by Allah/Swearing by God ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
1. ‘By Allah,’ he replied, ‘I will not leave this house.’
Answer: Swearing by Allah he replied that he would not leave that house.
2. ‘By God,’ she replied, ‘I will not go to London.’
Answer: Swearing by God she replied that she would not go to London.
3. ‘By Allah, we will play in this field,’ the boys said.
Answer: Swearing by Allah the boys said that they would play in that field.
4. She said, ‘By Jove, I will come here tomorrow.’
Answer: Swearing by Jove she said that she would go there the next day.
Rule-8: Present participle অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় শুরুতে বসে। যেমন:
1. ‘Are you brothers?’ asked the mistress of the house, turning to the dervishes.
Answer: Turning to the dervishes the mistress of the house asked if they were brothers.
2. ‘Why have you come here?’ said Mr. Kamal turning to the stranger.
Answer: Turning to the stranger Mr. Kamal asked why he had gone there.
3. ‘Why have you not learnt your lessons?’ the teacher asked the students coming to the class.
Answer: Coming to the class the teacher asked the students why they have not learnt their lessons.
Rule-1: Reported speech-এর মধ্যে কোনো ব্যক্তি বা প্রাণীর নাম ধরে ডাকার ব্যবহার থাকলে তা reporting verb-এর সঙ্গে সংযুক্ত হবে। যেমন:
He said, ‘Suma, do not quarrel.’
Answer: He forbade Suma to quarrel.
They said, ‘Rafiq, you will attend the meeting.’
Answer: They said to Rafiq that he would attend the meeting.
Kamal said, ‘Rana, do you know me?’
Answer: Kamal asked Rana if he knew him.
Rule-2: Reporting verb-টি মাঝে বা শেষে থাকলেও indirect করার সময় তাকে sentence-এর শুরুতে নিয়ে আসতে হবে। যেমন:
‘You look a little bit like my mother,’ Jerry said to the authoress, ‘Especially in the dark by the fire.’
Answer: Jerry said to the authoress that she looked a little bit like his mother especially in the dark by the fire.
‘Follow my example,’ she said to me, ‘and never eat more than one thing for luncheon.’
Answer: She advised me to follow her example and never to eat more than one thing for luncheon.
‘I have made a terrible mistake,’ said the man, ‘I have forgotten to pay my exam fee.’
Answer: The man said that he had made a terrible mistake and added that he had forgotten to pay his exam fee.
Rule-3: পর পর দুটি উক্তি থাকলে also said/and added/also asked হয়। কিন্তু তিনটি উক্তি থাকলে also added /further added/again said ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন:
a) Jerry said, ‘I can chop some wood today. I shall come again tomorrow.’
Answer: Jerry said that he could chop some wood that day and added that he would go again the next day.
b) She said to me, ‘What is your name. Where do you live?’
Answer: She asked me what my name was and also asked where I lived.
c) He said to us, ‘I came here yesterday. I will go to Sirajgonj tomorrow.’
Answer: He said to us that he had gone there the previous day and added that he would go to Sirajgonj the next day.
Rule-4: Yes/no থাকলে যথাক্রমে replied in the affirmative that এবং replied in the negative that ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন:
a) ‘Yes, I have finished reading the book,’ I replied.
Answer: I replied in the affirmative that I had finished reading the book.
b) Jhumu said to Mitu, ‘Are you going to Pabna tomorrow?’ ‘No, I have changed my decision,’ said Mitu.
Answer: Jhumu asked Mitu if she was going to Pabna the next day. Mitu replied in the negative that she had changed her decision.
Rule-5: Sir/Madam-থাকলে respectfully ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন:
1. ‘Yes, sir,’ she replied, ‘I have done my duty.’
Answer: She respectfully replied in the affirmative that she had done her duty.
2. Looking at my hands the beggar said, ‘Madam, please give me your cardigan.’
Answer: Looking at my hands the beggar respectfully requested me to give him my cardigan.
3. The student replied, ‘No, I have not learnt my lessons today, Sir.’
Answer: The student respectfully replied in the negative that he had not learnt his lessons that day.
Rule-6: যদি কাউকে address করা হয়, তবে addressing as brother/sister/friend দিয়ে শুরু করতে হয়।
1. ‘Are you hungry, brothers?’ said the wise king.
Answer: Addressing as brother the wise king asked if they were hungry.
2. The captain said, ‘My friends, be always ready to face our enemy.’
Answer: Addressing as friend the captain ordered them to be always ready to face their enemy.
3. ‘Dear friends,’ the patriot said, ‘Listen to me.’
Answer: Addressing as dear friend the patriot advised to listen to him.
Rule-7: By Allah/By God ইত্যাদি থাকলে Swearing by Allah/Swearing by God ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
1. ‘By Allah,’ he replied, ‘I will not leave this house.’
Answer: Swearing by Allah he replied that he would not leave that house.
2. ‘By God,’ she replied, ‘I will not go to London.’
Answer: Swearing by God she replied that she would not go to London.
3. ‘By Allah, we will play in this field,’ the boys said.
Answer: Swearing by Allah the boys said that they would play in that field.
4. She said, ‘By Jove, I will come here tomorrow.’
Answer: Swearing by Jove she said that she would go there the next day.
Rule-8: Present participle অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় শুরুতে বসে। যেমন:
1. ‘Are you brothers?’ asked the mistress of the house, turning to the dervishes.
Answer: Turning to the dervishes the mistress of the house asked if they were brothers.
2. ‘Why have you come here?’ said Mr. Kamal turning to the stranger.
Answer: Turning to the stranger Mr. Kamal asked why he had gone there.
3. ‘Why have you not learnt your lessons?’ the teacher asked the students coming to the class.
Answer: Coming to the class the teacher asked the students why they have not learnt their lessons.